What is DDP?

DDP — Delivered Duty Paid — refers to a contract whereby the seller is responsible for the total costs associated with transporting goods to the buyer’s destination. The seller bears all costs and risks from the point of origin until the goods are received by the buyer, including export clearance, freight, insurance, import duties, and customs clearance in the destination country.

Under DDP, the seller carries maximum obligation. It is the most seller-heavy of all Incoterms — the opposite of EXW (Ex Works), where the buyer assumes all responsibility from the seller’s door. DDP is governed by the Incoterms 2020 rules published by the International Chamber of Commerce and applies to all modes of transport.

Who Pays Duties Under DDP?

Under DDP, the seller pays all duties — including import duties, export duties, VAT, and any other taxes or charges levied at the destination. This is the defining feature of DDP and what separates it from DAP (Delivered at Place), where the buyer pays import duties.

The seller’s full financial obligations under DDP include:

• Export packaging
• Export clearance and export duties
• International freight costs
• Insurance during transit
• All destination taxes, VAT, and any applicable countervailing duties (CVDs)
• Customs clearance costs at the destination
• Arrange for key freight documents, including proof of delivery, commercial invoice, packing list, and customs entry at the destination
• Last-mile delivery to the named destination

The buyer’s only obligation under DDP is to receive the goods at the agreed destination. All compliance, cost, and risk sit with the seller until that point.

DDP vs DAP vs DDU — What is the Difference?

These three terms are the most commonly confused in international trade. Here is a direct comparison:

Key practical difference between DDP and DAP: Under DAP, the goods arrive at the destination, but the buyer must handle import clearance and pay all duties before taking delivery. Under DDP, the goods arrive fully cleared and duty-paid — the buyer simply receives them. For buyers in countries with complex customs procedures, DDP significantly reduces their administrative burden.

Note on DDU: DDU was removed from Incoterms 2010 and does not appear in Incoterms 2020. If a contract still references DDU, it should be updated to DAP or DDP, depending on who the parties intend to bear the duty obligation.

When to Use DDP

DDP is the right choice in the following situations:

Use DDP when:

• Your buyer has no customs expertise or local entity in the destination country and cannot act as the importer of record
• You are selling to end consumers or businesses in markets where customs clearance is complex or where your buyer has no experience
• You want to offer a fully landed, duty-paid price that makes your offer simpler and more competitive
• You are shipping to countries with high or unpredictable import duties and want to control the total cost
• Your buyer is specifically requesting DDP terms to simplify their procurement process

Avoid DDP when:

• You have no local presence, registered entity, or IOR service in the destination country — without one, you cannot legally act as importer of record
• The destination country restricts foreign entities from acting as the importer of record
• Import duties and VAT at destination are the buyer’s preference to manage (in which case, use DAP)
• The cost and administrative burden of destination customs compliance outweigh the commercial benefit of offering DDP terms

The IOR Role in DDP Shipments

This is where most DDP shipments run into problems. Under DDP, the seller is responsible for customs clearance and duty payment at the destination — but in most countries, only a locally registered entity can act as the official Importer of Record (IOR) with the customs authority.

If you are a foreign seller offering DDP terms into a market where you have no local office or customs accreditation, you cannot legally file the import entry yourself. Without an IOR, your shipment will be held at the border. The DDP benefits for importers are only realized when the seller has a proper IOR arrangement in place at the destination.

The solution is to appoint an Importer of Record service who acts as the legal importer on your behalf — filing customs declarations, paying duties, and ensuring compliance with local import regulations, all while you retain commercial ownership of the goods.

How IOR works within a DDP shipment:

1. Seller books freight and prepares export documentation at the origin
2. IOR provider is appointed as the legally responsible importer at the destination
3. Goods arrive at destination port — IOR files the customs entry, pays duties, and VAT
4. Customs releases the shipment to the IOR
5. IOR coordinates last-mile delivery to the buyer’s address
6. Ownership transfers to the buyer on receipt

Understanding IOR customs responsibilities is essential for any seller offering DDP terms — particularly in countries where foreign entities face restrictions on acting as importer of record.

Final Thoughts

DDP is an important Incoterm that must be clearly understood by both the buyer and the seller. Before sending DDP shipments, the seller must know the destination country’s legal requirements — customs requirements in foreign countries are complex, and not knowing the local process for clearing goods can result in delays and penalties. That is why working with experienced freight forwarding services alongside a qualified IOR is the most reliable way to execute DDP terms in any market.

By partnering with GCE Logistics, you can avoid the complications of international trade and leverage decades of expertise to address a wide range of trade-related issues. We offer cross-border shipping, project handling, warehousing and distribution, DDP customs clearance, land freight, and air freight.

Frequently Asked Questions